Human-appearing manikin and method of making



Dec. 12, 1967 R. QUINBY, JR 3,357,610

HUMAN-APPEARING MANIKIN AND METHOD OF MAKING Filed Feb. 18, 1963 8Sheets-Sheet l P/PAEV QV/MBVJQ v INVENTOR.

' AT ORNEVS Dec, 12, 1967 R. QUINBY, JR 3,357,610

HUMAN-APPEARING MANIKIN AND METHOD OI MAKING Filed Feb. 18, 1963 8Sheets-Sheet 4 0/04 z/me r m IN V EN TOR.

Dec. 12', 1 967 QUINBY, JR 3,357,610

HUMAN-APPEARING MANIKIN AND METHOD OF MAKING Filed Feb. 18, 1963 8Sheets-Sheet 5 0/9415? QWMBV 71?.

INVENTOR.

BY M WZwd r TOPNEVS Dec. 12, 1967 R. QUINBY, JR 3,357,610v

I HUMAN-APPEARING MANIKIN AND METHOD OF MAKING Filed Feb. 18, 1963 sSheets-Sheet 4 IN V EN TOR.

' A onNEvs Dec. 12, 1967 R. QUINBY, JR 3,357,610

HUMAN-APPEARING MANIKIN AND METHOD OF MAKING Filed Feb. 18, 1963 8Sheets-Sheet 5 INVENTOR.

BY M W89? AT ORNEVS R. QUINBY, JR

Dec. 12, 1967 3,357,610 HUMAN-APPEARING MANIKIN AND METHOD OF MAKING 8Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed Feb. 18, 1963 mm H Qlll/VBV .m

INVENTOR.

BY M,

Dec. 12, 1967 R. QUINBY, JR 3,

HUMAN-APPEARING MANIKIN AND METHOD OF MAKING Filed Feb. 18, 1963 sSheets-Sheet 7 Mme-V Ql/IMBV .TR.

IN VEN TOR.

M, 752m; *W

R. QUINBY, JR 3,357,610

HUMAN-APPEARING MANIKIN AND METHOD OF MAKING Dec. 12, 1967 8Sheets-Sheet 8 Filed Feb. 18, 1963 INVENTOR.

United States Patent Office 3,3516% Patented Dec. 12, 1967 3,357,610HUMAN-APPEARING MANIKIN AND METHOD OF MAKING Ripley Quinby, Jr.,Shelburne, Vt. 05482 Filed Feb. 18, 1963, Ser. No. 259,093 Claims. (Cl.223-68) The present invention relates generally to display manikinsintended for use in store windows, for demonstrations, humansubstitutions, i.e., as artists or photographers models, and the likeand in particular relates to a humanappearing manikin providing jointmovements and positions truly corresponding with those of a human beingand to the method of making these manikins.

Although manikins have been utilized for many years in store Windows fordisplay purposes and although extensive efforts have been made duringall of this period of time to make the manikins appear human and naturalin appearance, this objective has not been achieved in the prior art.Even in the most elaborate store window displays, there has been acertain unnaturalness or stiffness in the manikins which has distractedattention from the over-all artistic effort to be conveyed. Forinstance, elforts have been made to use manikins for purposes ofdisplaying sports equipment in action. However, the stiffness orunnatural appearance of the manikins prior to this invention hasprevented their use in illustrating the more dynamic sports movements,wherein the whole body is in action.

An object of the present invention is to provide a manikin having atruly human appearance and capable of assuming any pose or positionwhich is natural to a human being.

A further object of the present invention is to provide ahuman-appearing manikin adapted for illustrating dynamic sportsactivities.

Among the many advantages of the present invention are those resultingfrom the fact that the manikin has an articulated skeleton which has thegeneral configuration of the human skeleton and joints the swivelsadapting the manikin to be cause to assume any pose or action positionwhich is natural to a human figure. Moreover, the joints and swivels arereadily fabricated from parts which are commercially available and arerugged in use. Advantageously, the hinge pin and the swivel joint aremade from the same identical type of spring pin.

These joints and swivels are easy to adjust into different positions inuse and desirably they provide suificient frictional grip for holdingthe manikin in whatever adjusted position is desired.

Another advantage of the present invention results from the fact that itenables a human-appearing manikin form to be manufactured in aninexpensive manner by making a flexible mold of a living person, castinga rigid body figure in said mold, and forming a parting layer aroundsaid figure bisecting the space around said figure in two halves, frontand back. Then the flexible mold is formed in two halves front and backaround said figure and against said plane, and flexible front and backhalves of said body figure are cast in the two halves of the flexiblemold. Finally rigid front and back mold halves are formed around saidflexible front and back halves of said body figure. Then, the whole bodyis molded in two halves of sponge rubber, resilient foam plastic or likematerial having a smooth or non-porous outer surface. These two halvesare the front and back, which are thereafter cemented together with theskeleton between the two halves. Advantageously, the body and featuresof the face can be modeled after those of a living person ordistinctiveness if desired so as to enhance the natural appearance ofthe manikin.

A further advantage of the joint and swivel skeleton structure asincorporated in the manikin shown herein as illustrative of the presentinvention is the hand which is articulated so that the fingers and thumbcan be moved or 1tient into positions corresponding with those of thehuman and.

In this specification and in the accompanying drawings is described andshown a human-appearing manikin embodying my invention and certainmodified skeleton struc tures are illustrated, but it is to beunderstood that this example of a preferred embodiment is given forpurposes of illustration in order that others skilled in the art mayfully understand the invention and the manner of applying it inpractical use.

The various objects, aspects, and advantages of the present inventionwill be more fully understood from a consideration of the followingspecification in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in whichcorresponding reference numbers are used to refer to corresponding partsthroughout the various figures:

FIGURE 1 is a front view of a manikin embodying the present inventionwith the skeleton structure therein being illustrated;

FIGURE 2 is an exploded perspective view of a joint, such as the elbowor knee joint, which can be flexed in one direction;

FIGURE 3 is a perspective view of this same joint after assembly;

FIGURE 4 is an exploded perspective view of a swivel joint;

FIGURE 5 is an exploded perspective view of a doublehinge joint whichcan be flexed in two directions at right angles to each other and isadapted to be used for such joints as the shoulder or hip;

FIGURE 6 is a perspective view of the double-hinge joint as shown inFIGURE 5;

FIGURE 7 is a perspective view of the joint and swivel skeletonstructure used within the hands of manikins embodying the presentinvention;

FIGURE 7A illustrates the hand skeleton structure of FIGURE 7 embeddedwithin the resilient flexible hand form;

FIGURE 8 is a perspective view of an alternative structure which may beused within the hands. of manikins;

FIGURE 9 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a jointsuch as an elbow or knee joint; and

FIGURES 10 and 11 are perspective views of alternative embodiments ofdouble hinge joints.

As shown in FIGURE 1, a manikin embodying the invention in a preferredform includes an easy-to-assemble skeleton structure 10 comprising an Xconnection 12, a T connection 14 and a plurality of rigid rod-like ortubular elements 16 of appropriate lengths interconnected by joints andswivels, as will be explained in detail further below. These rigidelements 16 are formed of suitable strong, lightweight material, forexample, they are of tubular aluminium, steel, etc. This skeletonstructure is enclosed within a resilient flexible body form 20 which ismolded in two halves, front and back, of resilient foam plastic orsponge rubber or like material having an outer surface 22 suitable forfinishing purposes. The front and back resilient halves of the body formare each molded as a whole unit adapted to fit together about theskeleton frame structure 10. The adjacent surfaces of these tworesilient halves of the body are indented by suitable mold cores in theregions to be occupied by the skeleton structure 10. The front and rearhalf of the body are cemented together about the skeleton framestructure 10 to form the body unit 20.

FIGURES 2 and 3 illustrate a type of hinge joint, generally indicated at1' which is adapted to be flexed in a single direction. As shown inFIGURE 1, these joints I are used for the elbow and knee joints of theskeleton frame structure 10. Each hinge joint I includes a tenon 26closely fitting into the. slot 28 of a clevis 30. The tenon 26 andclevis 30 each have a cylindrical anchoring member 32 and 34,respectively, formed integrally therewith. In the assembled joint aspring pin 36 extends through the holes 38 in the clevis and passesthrough a hole 40 in the tenon 26.

This spring pin 36 has the configuration of a longitudinally split tubeof resilient spring material, for example of spring steel, whichprovides a C-shaped cross section. The spring pin 36 in its relaxedstate, as shown in FIG- URE 2, has a slightly larger outside diameterthan the size of the holes 38 and 40, and the longitudinal split 42 isopen a substantial distance. During assembly of the joint J, the springpin 36 is compressed so that the longitudinal split 42 is closed andthen the pin 36 is inserted through the aligned holes 38 and 40.

When the pin 36 is released in position within the holes 38 and 40, asshown in FIGURE 3, it expands into firm frictional engagement with thewalls of these holes. Because the original relaxed size of the springpin was larger than these holes, it continues to exert this firmfrictional force as the joint is turned into different angularpositions. In operation this joint is readily adjustable and then holdswhatever position into which it is adjusted, as may be desired.

To assure that the hinge joint I be flexed through an angle greater than90 corresponding to the movement of the elbow or knee, there issufficient clearance provided between the end of the slot 28 and the endof the tenon 26 and also sufiicient clearance between the ends of theclevis 30 and the shoulders 44 at the base of the tenon 26.Alternatively, if desired, this clearance can be reduced by shapingthese mating parts along arcuate contours concentric about the axis ofthe pivot pin 36. However, the square-ended tenon and clevisconstruction as shown is preferred as being easier to fabricatev for thejoints J. The spring pivot 36 is advantageously of a type which iscommercially available.

When assembling the skeleton frame 10, the anchoring members 32 and 34are secured to the adjacent ends of the right tubular element 16 bytelescoping them into the ends of these tubular elements and thensecuring them in place by adhesive or by mechanical attachment, such asby indentations driven into the tubular elements, i.e., often calledstaking.

As shown in FIGURE 4, a swivel consection S is.

formed by cutting a rigid tubular element 16 into two portions 16-1 and16-2 and by telescoping a spring pin 36A of the same identical type asthe spring pin 36 into the bores 46 of the adjacent ends of the twoportions 161 and 16-2. It will be understood that the spring pin 36A hasa relaxed diameter slightly greater than the diameter of the bore so asto provide a firm frictional engagement with the two. parts of thetubular element. Thus, advantageously the swivel connections are easy toadjust but hold their adjusted positions.

FIGURES and 6 illustrate a double-hinge joint K which is adapted to beflexed in two directions at right angles to each other. The joint Kincludes a pair of clevises with the planes of their slots 28 orientedat right angles to each other. A double-endedtenon hinge block 48 fitssnugly into the two slots 28 and has a pair of holes 50 therein withtheir axes at right angles to each other adapted to align with therespective holes 38. It is noted that the holes 50 in the tenon block 48are positioned closely adjacent so that there is very little distancebetween the axes of the two pivots. To prevent interference between theends of the two closely positioned clevises 30 as they are adjusted intovarious angular positions these ends 52 are rounded concentric about therespective axes of the pivots. Thus, advantageously, as shown in FIGURE6, the axes of the two pivot pins 36 in the double hinge K are offset bya distance less than twice the diameter of the pivot pin. This offset isso small compared with the over-all size of the skeleton frame that theeffect is substantially the same as if the axes of the two pivotsintersected. These spring pivots 36. have a relaxed diameter justslightly greater than the diameter of the holes into which they fit soas to provide the firm frictional engagement discussed above.

Double-hinge joints K are used to form the shoulder and hip joints ofthe skeleton frame structure in conjunction with swivel joints S. Theswivel joints S are positioned in each of the upper arm skeletonelements 16 adjacent to the double-hinge joint K. Similarly, there areswivel joints S positioned in each of the upper leg skeleton elements16.

Advantageously, this combination of the double-hinge joint K plus aswivel joint S provides a freedom of movement for the limb of themanikin comparable with that of the ball and socket type of joint inshoulder and hip of the human body.

This combination of a double-hinge joint K together with a swivel jointS is utilized to advantage in the neck portion of the skeleton. Thisarrangement provides freedom of movement for the head of the manikinwhich appears to be very natural and substantially the same in effect asthe movement of the neck portion of the spinal column in the human body.

At a position approximately one-third of the way up the spinal frameelement 54 from the T connection 14 toward the X connection 12, there ispositioned a combined joint 56' comprising a double-hinge joint K inconjunction With a swivel joint S. Experimentation has shown that thiscombined joint arrangement 56 at the position illustrated in FIGURE 1advantageously provides a lifelike simulation of the movement of thehuman spine between the shoulders and pelvis.

A double-hinge joint K is positioned to form the wrist joints 58 andankle joints 60. In the human body there are two bones in the forearmwhich can move relative to the elbow and wrist joints such that theposition of the wrist can be turned with respect to the elbow. In theskeleton frame as shown in FIGURE 1, a swivel joint S is incorporatedinto the medial portion of the rigid skeleton frame element 16 of theforearm thus providing a swivel connection 62. This swivel 62 at themid-portion of the forearm enables the wrist to be moved and positionedin a very natural manner so as to create a truly life-like appearancewhen the manikin is used to display sports equipment or the like inwhich the visual impact of the display is enhanced by a dynamicportrait. This dynamic type of store window display is not oftenattempted with manikins which were in use priorto the present inventionbecause of their limitations which are overcome by the presentinvention. Advantageously, the complete articulation of the skeletonframe as shown in FIGURE 1 is provided by the use of spring pins 36 and36A in hinge and swivel joints of the type shown in FIG- URES 2-6.

In order to provide the skeleton frame within the hands of manikins, theskeleton frame structure as shown in either FIGURE 7 or 8 may beutilized to advantage. In FIGURE 7 is shown a joint and swivelconnection structure wherein the frame element 64 below the wrist joint.58 is attached to a T connection 66 with a clevis 68 extending laterallytherefrom and forming the base of the thumb. This clevis 68 is connectedto a double-hinge joint 70 with a tubular segment 91 corresponding tothe bone of the thumb and an outer single-hinge joint 74 and a tipportion 76 completing the frame for the thumb. It will be noted that theouter joint 74 is secured in position so that the axis of flexingmovement is at an angle of approximately 45 with respect to the plane ofthe palm.

Extending from the T connection 66 is a short rigid cylindrical element78 fitting into a tubular connection sleeve 80. The element 78 and thesleeve 80 form the frame for the palm of the hand.

In order to provide the four knuckles at the roots of the fingers, ahinge joint member 82 is anchored in the sleeve 80 and has a hole 84extending transversely through its end. An elongated spring pin 36Bextends transversely through the hole 84, and the skeleton structures 86for the four fingers are mounted in spaced relation upon this hinge pin36B. These skeleton structures 86 for the fingers are all identicalexcept that the relative lengths of the connection sleeves 90 and 92between the respective joints are different, corresponding with thedifferences in length of the finger bones in a human hand. The firstjoint 94 and the second joint 96 are each provided by a single-hingejoint I of the type described further above. The knuckle joint or thirdjoint at the roots of the fingers are provided by hinge members 98 whichpivotally engage the elongated spring pin 36B. Thus, advantageously, theskeleton frame for the hand is constructed by utilizing the hinge andswivel units as shown in FIGURES 2-6.

Although the articulated structure shown in FIGURE 7 is well adapted foruse in the hands of manikins for representing adults and children overten years of age, I have found that for smaller manikins hands,representing younger children, another skeleton structure as shown inFIGURE 8 works to advantage. The reason for this is that the hands ofyounger children have a more pliable or flexible appearance, that is,the joints are less pronounced. As shown in FIGURE 8, in these smallerhands a flexible appearance is created by utilizing a wire core for eachof the fingers and for the thumb.

In FIGURE 8 the skeleton frame element 64 which is connected to thewrist joint 58 is extended down further than it is in FIGURE 7, and theadded length is then curved and bent across at the outer end into the.shape of an inverted FIGURE 7. The laterally extending portion 100 ofthis rigid element forms the roots for the fingers, and the curvingintermediate portion 102 provides the frame for the palm of the hand.

In order to provide a skeleton frame for the thumb, a wire core 164 issecured by insertion into the frame element 64. This wire core 104 is ofa compound structure including an inner axial wire of a soft malleablemetal, for example, such as copper or lead, around which is spirallywound a harder, stiiTer spring wire providing closely spacedconvolutions surrounding the axial Wire. This stiller wire is, forexample, a steel wire or a harddrawn brass wire. These convolutions ofthe harder wire assure a more even bending of the inner soft core,because any tendency for sharp localized bending to occur is resisted bythese convolutions which then abut against each other. Consequently,fatigue of the soft wire core is reduced, and the over-all appearance ofthe hand is improved.

For purposes of defining the regions of flexing of the wire core 104,there are two separated rigid sleeves 106 and 108 which are secured tothe wire core 104. The wire core section 110 between these rigid sleevesprovides the first joint of the thumb, while the inner section 111 ofthe wire core 104 between the elements 64 and 106 corresponds in actionwith the second joint and wrist joint of the thumb of a young childshand.

Similarly, the skeleton frames for the fingers 86 are supplied bycompound wire cores 104 secured into the transverse mounting 100. Eachof the fingers 86 includes three spaced rigid sleeves 112, 114 and 116,thereby defining the first, second and third joints 118, and 122,.respectively.

In FIGURE 9 is an alternative embodiment I of the hinge joints J. Fromthe following description it will be appreciated that this alternative Jprovides additional advantages for which it is preferred. This joint Jincludes two similar hinge blocks 48 having a pair of openings 50extending through opposite ends at right angles to each other. A springpin 36 passes through the aligned holes 50 at the adjacent ends of bothblocks and provides a hinge pivot. The remaining two holes are used toform an easy to make and convenient connection formed between the jointI and the skeleton elements 16-1 by using spring pins 36. Although onlyone skeleton element 16-1 is indicated in FIGURE 9 it will be understoodthat when the skeleton is completed there is a corresponding skeletonelement connected by a spring pin extending into the opening 50 in theupper hinge block. A further advantage of the hinge J is its ability toswing through a full sweep of or more, as may be desirable to representthe full range of movement of the elbow or knee joints of variouspersons. In fact, it is possible to swing this joint J through an angleof 360, but only a desired portion of this available movement is used inactual practice.

An alternate embodiment K of the double hinge joint K, as used in thehip and shoulder joints, is shown in FIGURE 10. The hinge blocks 48 aresimilar and advantageously are the same as those described in FIGURE 9,but their adjacent faces are positioned with their axes at right anglesto one another and are hinged together by means of a spring pin 36. Theswivel joints are incorporated into this alternate embodiment K of thejoint at the points at which this alternate embodiment is assembled tothe skeleton elements 16-1 by means of the spring pins 36A. Thus, theswivel action is like that obtained in the swivel S shown in detail inFIGURE 4. This double hinge joint K has the advantage that the twocomponents of motion are provided by using only two types of parts,namely the spring pins and hinge blocks 48.

In FIGURE 11 is shown a further alternative embodiment K of a doublehinge joint K as used in the neck and waist 56. The blocks 48 aresimilar and are advantageously the same as those described in FIGURES 9and 10. The three blocks 48 are positioned in such a manner that theadjacent faces are attached with their axes at right angles to oneanother by means of spring pins 36. Also, a swivel joint action S isincorporated into the alternate embodiment K of the joint at one of thepoints at which this joint is assembled to the elements 161 of theskeleton frame It). A similar joint K is used in the wrist joints 58 andin the ankle joints 60 but without the incorporation of the swivel jointaction S, i.e. a rigid con nection is made between joint K and theskeleton elements, for example by cementing the spring pins 36A inplace. The rounded ends of the blocks 48 save space and weight andprevent damage to the flexible body material surrounding the skeleton.

From the foregoing description it will be understood that manikinsembodying the present invention are well adapted to provide the manyadvantages described above, and that various changes or modificationsmay be made therein in accordance with the present invention, each asmay be best suited to a particularsize of manikin and for ease offabrication and for various display purposes, and the scope of thepresent invention as defined by the following claims is intended toinclude such modifications or adaptations limited only by the prior art.

What is claimed is:

1. A human-appearing manikin having joint movements corresponding withthose of a human being comprising a body of resilient material, askeleton structure within said body, said skeleton structure including aspinal column, a pair of transverse members extending outwardly fromopposite sides of the upper portion of the spinal column for supportingthe shoulder portions of said body, articulated frame elements withinthe arm portions of the body, and a shoulder joint between each of saidarticulated frame elements and said transverse members comprising adouble-hinge joint connected to said transverse member and a swiveljoint connected to said double-hinge joint.

2. A human-appearing manikin having joint move ments corresponding withthose of a human being comprising a skeleton structure for a manikinbody including a spinal column, a pair of transverse members extendingoutwardly from opposite sides of the upper portion of the spinal columnfor supporting the shoulder portions of said body, articulated frameelement within the arm portions of the body, a shoulder joint betweeneach of said articulated frame elements and said transverse memberscomprising a double-hinge joint connected to said transverse member, anda swivel joint connected to said doublehinge joint, a second pair oflateral members extending outwardly from opposite sides of the lowerportion of the spinal column for supporting the hip portions of thebody, articulated frame elements within the leg portions of the body,and a hip joint between each of said articulated frame elements and saidlateral members comprising a double-hinge joint connected to saidlateral members, and a swivel joint connected to said double-hingejoint.

3. The method of making a human-appearing manikin comprising the stepsof making a cast of a living person, molding a resilient flexible bodyform in said cast in two halves, front and back, each of said halvesbeing molded as an integral unit, said body form having a smooth,skin-like outer surface, inserting an articulated skeleton framestructure between said two halves, and cementing said two halvestogether about said frame structure to complete the manikin.

4. A human-appearing manikin having body movements corresponding inappearance with those of a human being comprising a body of resilientmaterial, a skeleton structure within said body, said skeleton structureincluding a spinal column, an upper pair of transverse members extendingoutwardly from opposite sides of the upper portion of the spinal columnfor supporting the shoulder portions of said body, a lower pair oftransverse members extending outwardly from opposite sides of the lowerportion of the spinal column for supporting the hip portions of thebody, said spinal column comprising a first rigid rod member extendingdown from said upper transverse members, a second rigid rod memberextending up from said lower transverse members, a double-hinge jointand a swivel joint connected in serial relationship between said rigidrod members.

5. A human-appearing manikin having body movements corresponding inappearance with those of a human being comprising a body of resilientmaterial, a skeleton structure within said body, said skeleton structureincluding a spinal column, an upper pair of transverse members extendingoutwardly from opposite sides of the upper portion of the spinal columnfor supporting the shoulder portions of said body, a lower pair oftransverse members extending outwardly from opposite sides of the lowerportion of the spinal column for supporting the hip portions of thebody, said spinal column comprising a first rigid rod member extendingdown from said upper transverse members, a second rigid rod memberextending up from said lower transverse members, said first rigid rodmember having approximately twice the length of said second rigid rodmember, a double-hinge joint and a swivel joint connected in serialrelationship between said rigid rod members.

6. A human-appearing manikin having body movements corresponding inappearance with those of a human being comprising a skeleton structurefor a manikin body including a spinal column, an upper pair oftransverse members extending outwardly from opposite sides of the upperportion of the spinal column for supporting the shoulder portions of aidbody, a lower pair of transverse members extending outwardly fromopposite sides of the lower portion of the spinal column for supportingthe hip portions of the body, said spinal column comprising a firstrigid rod member extending down from said upper transverse members, asecond rigid rod member extending up from said lower transverse members,a double-hinge joint of the tenon and clevis type, and a swivel jointconnected in serial relationship between said rigid rod members, saiddoublehinge joint having a pair of pivots formed by spring pins, andsaid swivel joint including one end of said double-hinge joint having arecess extending longitudinally thereof, one end of said rigid rodmembers having a recess extending longitudinally thereof, and a springarm having its opposite ends extending into said recesses.

'7. In a manikin for use in store windows, demonstrations, modelingpurposes, and the like, a body skeleton including an upper limb frame,joint mechanism for simulating the ball-and-socket shoulder and hipjoints in the human body for connecting the upper limb frame to the bodyskeleton comprising a double-hinge joint including a plurality of hingeblocks having a pair of pivots closely spaced and oriented substantiallyperpendicularly to each other, said pivots being formed by a pair ofspring pins, a first end of said doube-hinge joint being adapted to beconnected to the body skeleton, and a swivel joint for connecting thesecond end of said double-hinge joint to the frame of the upper limb,said swivel joint including a recess in a hinge block of saiddouble-hinge joint, and a longitudinal recess in the frame of the upperlimb and a spring pin having its opposite ends inserted into saidrecesses.

8. In a manikin for use in store windows, demonstrations, modelingpurposes, and the like, joint mechanisms as claimed in claim 7, andwherein said spring pin in the swivel joint is of the same type as saidpair of spring pins in the double-hinge joint.

9. In a manikin for use in store windows, demonstrations, modelingpurposes, and the like, joint mechanisms as claimed in claim 8 andwherein said spring pins all have a C-shaped cross sectionalconfiguration.

10. The method of making a human-appearing manikin starting from a livehuman being comprising the steps of making a flexible mold of the livingperson, casting a rigid body figure in said mold, forming a partinglayer around said figure and bisecting the space around said figure intotwo halves, front and back, forming a flexible mold in two halves frontand back around said figure and against said plane, said two flexiblemold halves each being an integral unit, casting flexible front and backhalves of said body figure in said flexible mold halves, forming a finalrigid front and a final rigid back mold half around said flexible halvesof said body figure, forming the final flexible components of themanikin body in said final mold halves, and cementing said flexiblecomponents together around an articulated skeleton to complete themanikin.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 794,643 7/1905 Rimpler et al.156.-6,l 1,189,585 7/1916 Kruse 22368 X 2,281,741 5/ 194.2 Boulard223-68 2,285,376 6/ 1942 Lovell 223-68 2,826,052 3/1958 Stillwagon 64-172,549,074 4/1951 Fishbein et a1. 312.7 1,005,153 10/1911 Case 285-397 X1,579,367 4/ 1 926 Hymer 46- 161 2,709,318 5/1955 Benjamin 4626 139,9326/1873 Sweetland 285397 X 2,362,383 11/1944 Lendinara 287-101 X1,400,066 12/1921 Huck 46-29 FOREIGN PATENTS 1,060,516 4/1954 France.

123,892 6/ 1959 Russia.

PATRICK D. LAWSON, Primary Examiner.

G. V. LARKIN, Assistant Examiner.

1. A HUMAN-APPEARING MANIKIN HAVING JOINT MOVEMENTS CORRESPONDING WITHTHOSE OF A HUMAN BEING COMPRISING A BODY OF RESILIENT MATERIALS, ASKELETON STRUCTURE WITHIN SAID BODY, SAID SKELETON STRUCTURE INCLUDING ASPINAL COLUMN, A PAIR OF TRANSVERSE MEMBERS EXTENDING OUTWARDLY FROMOPPOSITE SIDES OF THE UPPER PORTION OF THE SPINAL COLUMN FOR SUPPORTINGTHE SHOULDER PORTIONS OF SAID BODY, ARTICULATED FRAME ELEMENTS WITHINTHE ARM PORTIONS OF THE BODY, AND A SHOULDER JOINT BETWEEN EACH OF SAIDARTICULATED FRAME ELEMENTS AND SAID TRANSVERSE MEMBERS COMPRISING ADOUBLE-HINGE JOINT CONNECTED TO SAID TRANSVERSE MEMBER AND A SWIVELJOINT CONNECTED TO SAID DOUBLE-HINGE JOINT.